A further sign of Fraser’s remorse was his early guilty plea, which resulted in a 25% reduction in his sentence. As a result, he was handed a backdated four-year sentence and will be eligible for parole in July 2027.
Even judges, traditionally the barometers of remorse, cannot agree on what it looks like. While supporting an approach grounded in legal doctrine, many describe it as a “feeling” and express varied views on the indicators of remorse.
Contrast this with the Robert Huber case, another NSW offender, charged with the manslaughter of Lindy Lucena in 2023. Justice Stephen Rothman concluded in his ruling, “I do not consider that he has genuine remorse for his actions”.
The legalities of remorse
Sentencing is now highly visible, contentious and politicised. Increased time constraints on judicial officers may lead them to seek assistance from experts in tasks once solely within the province of the sentencing judge, including the assessment of remorse.
Over recent decades, sentencing has become more complex and time-consuming for judges.
My latest research project investigates the role of sentencing report writers in assessing remorse. Through detailed surveys and interviews, I’m examining how they construct and evaluate remorse during the sentencing process.
Zachary Fraser was found guilty of the manslaughter of Darcy Schafer-Turner in 2023. In his ruling, Justice Nicholas Chen found Fraser to be “genuinely remorseful”.
It’s therefore crucial to develop a deeper understanding of how remorse is interpreted and judged to safeguard fairness and human rights.
Since the first sentencing report I wrote as a probation officer, and throughout my subsequent work as a criminal lawyer, remorse and how to identify whether someone is remorseful have remained intriguing puzzles for me.
Expressions of remorse also require a certain type of verbal performance, which may have a strong class component.
But how do we know who’s remorseful?
While the verdict provides the audience with its emotional pay-off, it’s the fifth moment that determines how they will remember the character. Did they apologise and seek forgiveness, or did they refuse to accept responsibility? Or worse still, appear to revel in the chaos they had caused?
While a lack of remorse will not aggravate (increase) a sentence, a sincere expression of remorse can reduce a sentence, especially if accompanied by an early guilty plea.
Yet, despite evidence of cultural, class, and gender differences in the expression and detection of emotions, there has been a surprising lack of focus on developing strategies to address them.
While sentencing is complicated and isn’t decided by any single factor, and in NSW the law prohibits the lack of remorse from being used as an aggravating factor, a 12-year prison sentence was imposed.
Still, the idea that body language can be accurately interpreted is not supported by the evidence, except possibly for eye contact.
Two recent manslaughter cases before the Supreme Court of New South Wales highlight how remorse affects sentencing.
There is also evidence that race can play a role in how people judge the emotions of others. Black people are more likely to be judged as being angry while showing the same facial expressions as white people.
But people are complicated. There are a lot of things that can affect our demeanour, communication styles and expressions.
In all Australian jurisdictions, remorse is recognised as a mitigating factor in sentencing.
As reports and sentencing decisions continue throughout an offender’s sentence and life, the information within them is repeated and shared. This can influence how all subsequent decisions — such as sentencing, risk assessment, classification, access to programs, and ultimately parole — are made.
An inexact science
These include cultural norms, maturity, socioeconomic factors, disabilities, neurodivergence, or congenital cognitive disorders like Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder.
Read more:
Friday essay: how do you measure remorse?
Sentencing report writers also emphasised the importance of body language as an indicator of remorse, noting that the accused may perform remorse rather than genuinely feel it. Very few, however, can consistently perform their non-verbal cues.
The story lines of every episode of legal TV dramas, from Law & Order to Perry Mason, revolve around five key narrative moments: the crime, the arrest, the plea, the verdict, and the offender’s emotional response to what they’ve done.
Even with these new data, remorse remains resistant to a clear definition. As one of my interviewees stated, remorse is “more of a gut feeling or intuition”.
This American pop culture illustration reflects a larger truth. The courts, the media and the public are all watching for the same thing: whether the accused is genuinely sorry. Are they remorseful?
